Abstract

A case is reported of an oncocytic tumor of the thyroid expressing simultaneously follicular and neuroendocrine markers, but not calcitonin. The data reported in the literature and the possible relationships of these lesions with the calcintonin-negative medullary carcinomas were examined.

Introduction

Thyroid neuroendocrine tumors are classically represented by medullary carcinoma (MTC), which are derived from parafollicular C cells whose immunophenotypic characteristic is to express neuroendocrine markers (synaptofisin, chromogranin, NSE, CD56) and calcitonin. In the literature, however, there are reported cases of thyroid tumors expressing neuroendocrine markers and not calcitonin. A tumor of this type occurred during our observation and forced us to face a somewhat intricate problem, therefore worthy of further study.

Case report

A 74-year-old man had an increase in the volume of the thyroid gland for some months, mainly affecting his left lobe. A fine-needle aspiration performed on him gave a result classified as 3 B. After further sonographic findings, he was subjected to total thyroidectomy.

Materials and methods

MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SURGICAL SPECIMEN

1. Right thyroid lobe of 3.5 x 2.7 x 2.5 cm to the section showed a plurinodular aspect;
2. left thyroid lobe of 5 x 4 x 3.5 cm to the section shoed the glandular parenchyma almost completely replaced by a single capsulated nodule of soft consistency, yellowish color and a central hemorrhagic and saggy area.

The material is fixed in toto in buffered formalin, numerous fragments are embedded in paraffin and from them, 5 mm sections are taken, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and subjected to immuno-histochemical investigation with a panel of antibodies: Vimentin, Thyreoglobulin, PAX8, TTF1, Chromogranin A, Synaptophysin, CD56, NSE, Calcitonin.

Microscopic examination

The fragment under examination is peripherally delimited by a thick fibrous capsule (Fig. 1A) under which normal-looking thyroid follicles are recognised, compressed by an underlying nodular proliferation.

This proliferation, delimited by a thin fibrous capsule, is predominantly solid in appearance and consists of rather large, globose-polyhedral elements with finely granular, acidophilic cytoplasm (Figs. 1B, C). The nucleus is voluminous central. No mitotic activity is found. The elements are organised in trabeculae with little fibrillary stroma interposed (Figs 1D, 2 A-C). Sporadically, abortive follicular formations containing a drop of dense colloid are found (Fig. 2D).

Based on the morphological the following diagnosis was made: Encapsulated oncocytic neoplasm of follicular origin.

The immunohistochemical investigation yielded the results reported in Table I.

Discussion

A thyroid neoplasm of follicular origin does not express calcitonin is a known fact. It is also known that some MTC, although rarely, cannot express calcitonin but can still produce calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). It is even rarer that some MTC are negative for calcitonin and CGRP peptides, but contain their corresponding mRNAs ^1,2,3

In the short period of time between 1996 and 2001, three articles appeared in the literature concerning the expression of neuroendocrine markers by thyroid tumors from follicular cells.

40 thyroid tumors, including the various histotypes of follicular origin, have been tested with NSE, Synaptofisin and chromogranin. 28 tumors (70%) expressed neuroendocrine markers, of which 25% expressed only one, 30% expressed two and 15% expressed three ⁴.

In a research conducted on 120 cases of tumors of follicular origin, 36% expressed chromogranin and, in particular, 46.66% of papillaries, 5.5% of follicular and 7% of anaplastic. The positivity ratios between the various histotypes perhaps could be distorted by the fact that 74% of the cases are represented by papillary carcinomas (Tab. II) ⁵.

A study conducted on 50 cases of thyroid neoplasms relating to the expressiveness of neuroendocrine markers has led to results summarised in the following Table III ⁶.

From these studies it would emerge that:

1. the phenomenon of the expression of neuroendocrine markers by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland is a fairly frequent occurrence. Strangely no more recent articles have appeared on the subject, and even more strangely, there is no mention of this phenomenon in the official texts. ^7,8;
2. not all neoplasms of follicular origin express thyroglobulin. This phenomenon is present in all histotypes, and is particularly accentuated in the papillary carcinomas;
3. in the different histotypes NSE, synaptophysin and Leu7 are expressed to varying degrees;
4. with regards to chromogranin, the results reported in the various articles are somewhat uneven. In fact, while in one series ⁵ the expression of chromogranin is reported in 36% of cases, in another it is not reported in any case ⁶.

In summary, the data of the literature, certainly not very abundant, show that not all TMC express calcitonin express thyroglobulin, just as not all tumors of Follicular origin express it. What is certain is that all tumors that express calcitonin are medullary and those that express thyroglobulin are follicular. Between these two extremes, there are different situations such as those relating to TMC with negative calcitonin and Tumors of follicular origin expressing neuroendocrine markers whose frequency is not entirely negligible.

A small group of cases of tumors of follicular origin expressing the full spectrum of neuroendocrine markers is reported in Table IV.

Despite the non-homogeneity of the data on tumors of follicular origin expressing neuroendocrine markers, two subsets would seem to be identified, one, more numerous, not expressing chromogranin and another expressing it.

The case we observed belongs to the latter category because the tumor, thyroglobulin-positive, expresses all the neuroendocrine markers, including the chromgranin.

Conclusions

The study of this case and the literature indicates that the expression of neuroendocrine markers by thyroid neoplasms of follicular origin is not an exceptional event. To date, this phenomenon received little attention from researchers and was often confused with negative calcitonin TMC. This group of follicular tumors expressing chromogranin could represent almost a strained bridge between the two categories of Thyroid tumors whose histogenesis is perhaps less distant than was hitherto considered.

Therefore, it is necessary to study more cases to elucidate its implications on a clinical and histogenetic level.

Figures and tables

Figure 1.(A) Nodule encapsulated at low magnification H.E. (50X); (B, C, D) Solid-trabecular pattern of the neoplastic proliferation, H.E. (120X).

Figure 2.(A, B, C) Cellular elements with oncocytic character. H.E. (250X); (D) Small follicular cavity with a drop of dense colloid. H.E. (250X).

Figure 3.(A) Vimentin (100X); (B) Thyroglobulin (250X); (C) PAX 8 (150X); (D) TTFI (100X).

Figure 4.(A) Chromogranin (300X); (B) Synaptophysin (250X); (C) CD56 (150X); (D) NSE (250X).

Figure 5.(A, B) Calcitonin-negative thyroid cancer cells (300X); (C, D) Some calcitonin-positive thyroid cells in the non-cancerous thyroid parenchyma (200X).

References

1. Chorny JA, Orrego JJ, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM. Primary high-grade calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thyroid: a very rare cancer. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep. 2018; 2018:18-0036. DOI
2. Eusebi V, Damiani S, Riva C. Calcitonin free oat-cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990; 417:267-271. DOI
3. Sobol RE, Memoli V, Deftos LJ. Hormone-negative, chromogranin A-positive endocrine tumors. N Engl J Med. 1989; 320:444-447. DOI
4. Kargi A, Yörükoglu Aktaş S. Neuroendocrine differentiation in non-neuroendocrine thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 1996; 6:207-210. DOI
5. Tseleni-Balafouta S, Kavantzas N, Alevizaki M. Neuroendocrine differentiation in follicle-cell thyroid carcinoma: correlation to prognostic factors in papillary carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1998; 17:533-537.
6. Satoh F, Umemura S, Yasuda M. Neuroendocrine marker expression in thyroid epithelial tumors. Endocr Pathol Fall. 2001; 12:291-299. DOI
7. Iarc Press: Lyon; 2017.
8. AFIP Atlas Tumor Pathology, Series IV. ARP Press Silver Springs; 2014.
9. Parmer M, Milan S, Torabi A. Calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid: follicular or parafollicular cell of origin?. Int J Surg Pathol. 2017; 25:191-194. DOI
10. Chernyavsky VS, Farghani S, Davidov T. Calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid: a distinct clinical entity. Thyroid. 2011; 21:193-196. DOI
11. Kim GY, Park CY, Cho CH. A calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor derived from follicular lesions of the thyroid. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2015; 30:221-225. DOI
12. Kasajima A, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Loidi L. A Calcitonin non-producing neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid gland. Endocr Pathol. 2016; 27:325-331. DOI
13. Mussazhanova Z, Miura S, Stanojevic B. Radiation-associated small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thyroid: a case report with molecular analyses. Thyroid. 2014; 24:593-598. DOI
14. Ismi O, Arpaci RB, Berkesoglu M. Calcitonin-negative neuroendocrine tumor of thyroid gland mimicking anaplastic carcinoma: an unusual entity. Gland Surg. 2015; 4:344-349. DOI
15. Nakazawa T, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Vinagre J. C-cell derived calcitonin-free neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thyroid: the diagnostic importance of CGRP immunoreactivity. Int J Surg Pathol. 2014; 22:530-535. DOI